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<title>Rho factor</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rho factor</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%">Transcription termination factor Rho</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Rho factor homohexamer</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; background-color: light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important; color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; background-color: light-dark(#e7dcc3, #332c1a) !important; color:inherit;">Organism</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; background-color: light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important; color:inherit;"><span class="reflink neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=E.+coli&rn=1">E. coli</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; background-color: light-dark(#e7dcc3, #332c1a) !important; color:inherit;">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; background-color: light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important; color:inherit;">rho</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; background-color: light-dark(#e7dcc3, #332c1a) !important; color:inherit;"><a href="Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; background-color: light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P0AG30">P0AG30</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee; background-color: light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important; color:inherit;"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P0AG30">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P0AG30">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Transcription termination factor Rho</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; background-color: light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important; color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; background-color: light-dark(#e7dcc3, #332c1a) !important; color:inherit;">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; background-color: light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important; color:inherit;">Term_rho</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; background-color: light-dark(#e7dcc3, #332c1a) !important; color:inherit;"><a href="InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; background-color: light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR004665">IPR004665</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>ρ factor</b> (<b>Rho factor</b>) is a <a href="Bacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial">bacterial</a> <a href="Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> involved in the <a href="Termination_factor" title="Termination factor">termination</a> of <a href="Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33243850_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33243850-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rho factor binds to the transcription terminator pause site, an exposed region of single stranded RNA (a stretch of 72 nucleotides) after the <a href="Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frame</a> at C-rich/G-poor sequences that lack obvious secondary structure.<sup id="cite_ref-foster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Rho factor is an essential transcription protein in bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, it is a ~274.6 kD hexamer of identical subunits. Each subunit has an RNA-binding domain and an <a href="Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>-<a href="Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> domain. Rho is a member of the RecA/SF5 family of ATP-dependent hexameric <a href="Helicase" title="Helicase">helicases</a> that function by wrapping nucleic acids around a single cleft extending around the entire hexamer. Rho functions as an ancillary factor for <a href="RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>.

</p><p>There are two types of transcriptional termination in bacteria, rho-dependent termination and <a href="Intrinsic_termination" title="Intrinsic termination">intrinsic termination</a> (also called Rho-independent termination). Rho-dependent terminators account for about half of the <i>E. coli</i> factor-dependent terminators. Other termination factors discovered in <i>E. coli</i> include <a href="Replication_terminator_Tus_family" title="Replication terminator Tus family">Tau/Ter/Tus</a> and nusA. Rho-dependent terminators were first discovered in <a href="Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> genomes.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<p>A Rho factor acts on an RNA substrate. Rho's key function is its <a href="Helicase" title="Helicase">helicase</a> activity, for which energy is provided by an RNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis. The initial binding site for Rho is an extended (~70 nucleotides, sometimes 80–100 nucleotides) single-stranded region, rich in <a href="Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> and poor in <a href="Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>, called the <a href="Rho_utilisation_site" title="Rho utilisation site"><b>r</b>ho <b>ut</b>ilisation site</a> (<b>rut</b>), in the RNA being synthesised, upstream of the actual terminator sequence. Several rho binding sequences have been discovered. No consensus is found among these, but the different sequences each seem specific, as small mutations in the sequence disrupts its function. Rho binds to RNA and then uses its <a href="ATPase" title="ATPase">ATPase</a> activity to provide the energy to translocate along the RNA until it reaches the RNA–DNA helical region, where it unwinds the hybrid duplex structure. RNA polymerase pauses at the termination sequence, which is because there is a specific site around 100 nt away from the Rho binding site called the Rho-sensitive pause site. So, even though the RNA polymerase is about 40 nt per second faster than Rho, it does not pose a problem for the Rho termination mechanism as the RNA polymerase allows Rho factor to catch up.

</p><p>In short, Rho factor acts as an ATP-dependent unwinding enzyme, moving along the newly forming RNA molecule towards its <a href="Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">3′ end</a> and unwinding it from the DNA template as it proceeds.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mutations">Mutations</h2></div>

<p>A <a href="Nonsense_mutation" title="Nonsense mutation">nonsense mutation</a> in one gene of an <a href="Operon" title="Operon">operon</a> prevents the translation of subsequent genes in the unit. This effect is called mutational polarity. A common cause is the absence of the <a href="Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">mRNA</a> corresponding to the subsequent (distal) parts of the unit. Suppose that there are Rho-dependent terminators within the transcription unit, that is, before the terminator that usually is used. Normally these earlier terminators are not used, because the <a href="Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a> prevents Rho from reaching RNA polymerase. But a nonsense mutation releases the ribosome, so that Rho is free to attach to and/or move along the RNA, enabling it to act on RNA polymerase at the terminator. As a result, the enzyme is released, and the distal regions of the transcription unit are never transcribed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div>

<p>Rho factor has not been found in <a href="Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Termination_factor" title="Termination factor">Termination factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutation_Frequency_Decline" title="Mutation Frequency Decline">Mutation Frequency Decline</a> (Mfd) protein is also capable of dissociating RNA polymerase from the DNA template</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSaidHilalSundayKhatri2021" class="citation journal cs1">Said N, Hilal T, Sunday ND, Khatri A, Bürger J, Mielke T, et al. (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864586">"Steps toward translocation-independent RNA polymerase inactivation by terminator ATPase ρ"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>371</b> (6524). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abd1673">10.1126/science.abd1673</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-AD1D-7">21.11116/0000-0007-AD1D-7</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864586">7864586</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33243850">33243850</a>.</cite>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Caldwell2020" class="citation web cs1">Emily Caldwell (November 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-11-revealing-secret-key-cellular-refutes.html">"Study revealing the secret behind a key cellular process refutes biology textbooks"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i>.</cite></li></ul>

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<li id="cite_note-foster-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foster_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSlonczewskiFoster2009" class="citation book cs1">Slonczewski J, Foster JW (2009). <i>Microbiology: An Evolving Science</i>. New York: W.W. Norton &, Incorporated. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-393-11332-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPradeepkiranKumarKumarBhaskar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pradeepkiran JA, Kumar KK, Kumar YN, Bhaskar M (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386771">"Modeling, molecular dynamics, and docking assessment of transcription factor rho: a potential drug target in Brucella melitensis 16M"</a>. <i>Drug Design, Development and Therapy</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">1897–</span>912. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FDDDT.S77020">10.2147/DDDT.S77020</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386771">4386771</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848225">25848225</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_E._WalkerOlivia_LuytiesThomas_J._Santangelo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Julie E. Walker; Olivia Luyties; Thomas J. Santangelo (July 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565431">"Factor-dependent archaeal transcription termination"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>114</b> (33): <span class="nowrap">E6767 –</span> <span class="nowrap">E6773</span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E6767W">2017PNAS..114E6767W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704028114">10.1073/pnas.1704028114</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565431">5565431</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28760969">28760969</a>. <q>have not identified any obvious homologs of the well-characterized bacterial termination factors rho</q></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Rho+Factor">Rho+Factor</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Escherichia_coli92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outbreaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla</a></li>

<li><a href="Walkerton_E._coli_outbreak" title="Walkerton E. coli outbreak">2000 Walkerton</a></li>

<li><a href="2005_South_Wales_E._coli_O157_outbreak" title="2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak">2005 South Wales (O157)</a></li>

<li><a href="2006_North_American_E._coli_outbreak_in_spinach" title="2006 North American E. coli outbreak in spinach">2006 North American (spinach; O157:H7)</a></li>

<li><a href="2006_North_American_E._coli_O157%3AH7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American (multiple; O157:H7)</a></li>

<li><a href="2009_United_Kingdom_E._coli_outbreak" title="2009 United Kingdom E. coli outbreak">2009 United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_Germany_E._coli_O104%3AH4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany (O104:H4)</a></li>

<li><a href="2015_United_States_E._coli_outbreak" title="2015 United States E. coli outbreak">2015 United States</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_Calgary_E._coli_outbreak" title="2023 Calgary E. coli outbreak">2023 Calgary</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom (STEC O145)</a></li>

<li><a href="2024_McDonald's_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 McDonald's E. coli outbreak">2024 McDonald's</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CPS_operon" title="CPS operon">CPS operon</a></li>

<li><a href="FNR_regulon" title="FNR regulon">FNR regulon</a></li>

<li><a href="RecBCD" title="RecBCD">RecBCD</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_strains_of_Escherichia_coli" title="List of strains of Escherichia coli">Strains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Enteroaggregative_Escherichia_coli" title="Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli">Enteroaggregative </a></li>

<li><a href="Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterohemorrhagic</a></li>

<li><a href="Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli" title="Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli">Enteroinvasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterotoxigenic</a></li>

<li><a href="Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli">Verotoxin-producing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerobactin" title="Aerobactin">Aerobactin</a></li>

<li><a href="Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li>

<li><a href="E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment" title="E. coli long-term evolution experiment">Long-term evolution experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="EcoCyc" title="EcoCyc">EcoCyc</a></li>

<li><a href="Escherichia_coli_(molecular_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Escherichia coli (molecular biology)">Molecular biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hok/sok_system" title="Hok/sok system">Hok/sok system</a></li>

<li><a href="LacUV5" title="LacUV5">LacUV5</a></li>

<li><a href="Min_System" title="Min System">Min System</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathogenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Pathogenic Escherichia coli">Pathogenic</a></li>

<li><a href="T4_rII_system" title="T4 rII system">T4 rII system</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_Escherich" title="Theodor Escherich">Theodor Escherich</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors178" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3;"><div id="Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a> and <a href="Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">intracellular receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(1)_Basic_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(1) Basic domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.1) Basic</i> <a href="Leucine_zipper" title="Leucine zipper">leucine zipper</a> (<a href="BZIP_domain" title="BZIP domain">bZIP</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Activating_transcription_factor" title="Activating transcription factor">Activating transcription factor</a>

<li><a href="GABPA" title="GABPA">GABPA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix</i> (<a href="Basic_helix-loop-helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic helix-loop-helix">bHLH</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group A</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Myogenic_regulatory_factors" title="Myogenic regulatory factors">Myogenic regulatory factors</a>

<li><a href="Myogenin" title="Myogenin">Myogenin</a></li>

<li><a href="NeuroD" title="NeuroD">NeuroD</a>

<li><a href="Neurogenins" title="Neurogenins">Neurogenins</a>

<li><i>Paraxis</i>

<li><a href="Scleraxis" title="Scleraxis">Scleraxis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Twist_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Twist transcription factor">Twist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group B</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="FIGLA" title="FIGLA">FIGLA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group C<br>bHLH-<a href="PAS_domain" title="PAS domain">PAS</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ARNTL" class="mw-redirect" title="ARNTL">ARNTL</a></li>

<li><a href="ARNTL2" title="ARNTL2">ARNTL2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CLOCK" title="CLOCK">CLOCK</a></li>

<li>NPAS

<li><a href="Period_(gene)" title="Period (gene)">Period</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group D</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group E</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group F<br>bHLH-COE</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.3)</i> <a href="Basic_helix-loop-helix_leucine_zipper_transcription_factors" title="Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors">bHLH-ZIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Carbohydrate-responsive_element-binding_protein" title="Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein">MLXIPL</a></li>

<li><a href="Sterol_regulatory_element-binding_protein" title="Sterol regulatory element-binding protein">SREBP</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.4) NF-1</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.5) RF-X</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(2)_Zinc_finger_DNA-binding_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(2)</i> <a href="Zinc_finger" title="Zinc finger">Zinc finger</a> DNA-binding domains</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.1)</i> <a href="Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">Nuclear receptor</a> <i>(Cys<sub>4</sub>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 1</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Thyroid hormone receptor">Thyroid hormone</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 2</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Testicular_receptor" title="Testicular receptor">Testicular receptor</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 3</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">Steroid hormone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen</a></li>

<li><a href="Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen</a>

<li><a href="Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">Mineralocorticoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Estrogen-related_receptor" title="Estrogen-related receptor">Estrogen related</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 4</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_receptor_4A1" title="Nuclear receptor 4A1">NGFIB</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 5</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 6</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 0</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.2) Other Cys<sub>4</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.3) Cys<sub>2</sub>His<sub>2</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">General transcription factors</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transcription_factor_II_A" title="Transcription factor II A">TFIIA</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcription_factor_II_B" title="Transcription factor II B">TFIIB</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcription_factor_II_D" title="Transcription factor II D">TFIID</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcription_factor_II_E" title="Transcription factor II E">TFIIE</a>

<li><a href="Transcription_factor_II_F" title="Transcription factor II F">TFIIF</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a></li>

<li><i>GLI family</i>

<li><i>HIVEP</i>

<li><a href="Kruppel-like_factors" title="Kruppel-like factors">Sp/KLF family</a>

<li><i>zinc finger</i>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.4) Cys<sub>6</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HIVEP1" title="HIVEP1">HIVEP1</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.5) Alternating composition</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i>JARID</i>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.6) WRKY</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(3)_Helix-turn-helix_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(3)</i> <a href="Helix-turn-helix" title="Helix-turn-helix">Helix-turn-helix</a> <i>domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.1)</i> <a href="Homeodomain_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeodomain fold">Homeodomain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">Antennapedia</a></i></span><br><span class="nobold"><i>ANTP class</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>protoHOX</i></span><br><span class="nobold"><i>Hox-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ParaHox" title="ParaHox">ParaHox</a>

<li>extended Hox: <a href="Evx1" title="Evx1">Evx1</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeobox" title="Homeobox">Homeobox</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>metaHOX</i></span><br><span class="nobold"><i>NK-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>BARHL1</li>

<li><a href="BARHL2" title="BARHL2">BARHL2</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeobox_protein_NANOG" title="Homeobox protein NANOG">NANOG</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="NOBOX" title="NOBOX">NOBOX</a></li>

<li>TALE

<li><i>PKNOX</i>

<li><a href="POU_domain" title="POU domain">POU domain</a>

<li><a href="Octamer_transcription_factor" title="Octamer transcription factor">Octamer transcription factor</a>: <a href="POU2F1" title="POU2F1">1</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.2) Paired box</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>PRRX

<li><a href="Bicoid_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicoid (gene)">Bicoid</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.3)</i> <a href="FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">Fork head</a> / <a href="Winged-helix_transcription_factors" title="Winged-helix transcription factors">winged helix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">FOX proteins</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.4)</i> <a href="Heat_shock_factor" title="Heat shock factor">Heat shock factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.5) Tryptophan clusters</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Interferon_regulatory_factors" title="Interferon regulatory factors">Interferon regulatory factors</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.6) TEA domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>transcriptional enhancer factor</i>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.2)</i> <a href="STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.3) p53-like</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="P53_p63_p73_family" title="P53 p63 p73 family">p53 p63 p73 family</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.4)</i> <a href="MADS-box" title="MADS-box">MADS box</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.6)</i> <a href="TATA-binding_protein" title="TATA-binding protein">TATA-binding proteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.7)</i> <a href="High-mobility_group" title="High-mobility group">High-mobility group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.9) Grainyhead</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.10) Cold-shock domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.11) Runt</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.3)</i> <a href="Pocket_protein_family" title="Pocket protein family">Pocket domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.5)</i> <a href="Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">AP-2</a><i>/</i><a href="Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a><i>-related factors</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">Apetala 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.6) Miscellaneous</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>/<a href="Sigma_factor" title="Sigma factor">Sigma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i>see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transcription_(bacterial,_eukaryotic)309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transcription_(bacterial,_eukaryotic)309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">Transcription</a> (<a href="Bacterial_transcription" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a>, <a href="Eukaryotic_transcription" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">Transcriptional regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">prokaryotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">lac operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Trp_operon" title="Trp operon">trp operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gab_operon" title="Gab operon">gab operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gua_Operon" title="Gua Operon">Gua Operon</a></li>

<li><a href="L-arabinose_operon" title="L-arabinose operon">ara operon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gal_operon" title="Gal operon">gal operon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Repressor" title="Repressor">Repressor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lac_repressor" title="Lac repressor">lac repressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tryptophan_repressor" title="Tryptophan repressor">trp repressor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">eukaryotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Histone-modifying enzymes</a><br>(<a href="Histone" title="Histone">histone</a>/<a href="Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosome</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Histone_methylation" title="Histone methylation">Histone methylation</a>/<a href="Histone_methyltransferase" title="Histone methyltransferase">Histone methyltransferase</a>

<li><a href="Demethylase" title="Demethylase">Histone demethylase</a></li>

<li><a href="Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation" title="Histone acetylation and deacetylation">Histone acetylation and deacetylation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Histone_deacetylase" title="Histone deacetylase">Histone deacetylase</a> <a href="HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></li>

<li><a href="Histone_acetyltransferase" title="Histone acetyltransferase">Histone acetyltransferase</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="DNA_methyltransferase" title="DNA methyltransferase">DNA methyltransferase</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chromatin_remodeling" title="Chromatin remodeling">Chromatin remodeling</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transcription_coregulator" title="Transcription coregulator">Transcription coregulator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Activator_(genetics)" title="Activator (genetics)">Activator</a></li>

<li><a href="Coactivator_(genetics)" title="Coactivator (genetics)">Coactivator</a></li>

<li><a href="Corepressor" title="Corepressor">Corepressor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Inducer" title="Inducer">Inducer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">Promoter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pribnow_box" title="Pribnow box">Pribnow box</a></li>

<li><a href="Response_element" title="Response element">Response element</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Enhancer_(genetics)" title="Enhancer (genetics)">Enhancer</a>

<li><a href="Response_element" title="Response element">Response element</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Insulator_(genetics)" title="Insulator (genetics)">Insulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Silencer_(DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silencer (DNA)">Silencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_control_region" title="Internal control region">Internal control region</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bacterial_transcription#Initiation" title="Bacterial transcription">Bacterial</a></li>

<li><a href="Eukaryotic_transcription#Initiation" title="Eukaryotic transcription">Eukaryotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeal_transcription_factor_B" title="Archaeal transcription factor B">Archaeal transcription factor B</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elongation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bacterial_transcription#Elongation" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a> <a href="RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>: <a href="RpoB" title="RpoB">rpoB</a></li>

<li><a href="Eukaryotic_transcription#Transcription_process" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a> <a href="RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>: <a href="RNA_polymerase_II" title="RNA polymerase II">RNA polymerase II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Termination<br>(<a href="Bacterial_transcription#Termination" title="Bacterial transcription">bacterial</a>,<br> <a href="Eukaryotic_transcription#Termination" title="Eukaryotic transcription">eukaryotic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Terminator_(genetics)" title="Terminator (genetics)">Terminator</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrinsic_termination" title="Intrinsic termination">Intrinsic termination</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Rho_factor&oldid=1291612108">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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